| Triple Riesgo: Adolescencia Femenina, Violencia Sexual y VIH/SIDA |
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>>Disponible también en inglés, portugués, y francés
persistentes desigualdades de género implican que las jóvenes, en especial, enfrenten numerosas violaciones a su salud y sus derechos sexuales y reproductivos, incluida la iniciación sexual antes de estar física o emocionalmente preparadas para ésta.1,2 Las chicas que viven en la extrema pobreza, en poblaciones marginadas, sin apoyo familiar o en situaciones de conflicto y desplazamiento son particularmente vulnerables a encuentros sexuales coaccionados y otros tipos de abuso.3-7 EL VIH/SIDA EN JÓVENES A nivel mundial, la mitad de las nuevas infecciones por VIH ocurre en mujeres.8 En 2007, jóvenes de ambos sexos entre 15 y 24 años de edad conformaron cerca del 40 por ciento de las nuevas infecciones por VIH en el grupo de 15 años y más.9 Globalmente, hay 5.4 millones de mujeres y hombres jóvenes que están viviendo con el VIH y ellas representan casi el 60 por ciento de esta población.10
Durante su niñez y adolescencia, las jóvenes son sumamente vulnerables al abuso sexual y la violencia en sus hogares, barrios, escuelas y comunidades.1-7 En muchos lugares, la iniciación sexual prematura se asocia marcadamente con la coerción sexual.
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El uso de fuerza física o coacción emocional durante un acto sexual incrementa de manera significativa el riesgo de que un hombre infectado transmita el VIH a la mujer. El tracto genital femenino es altamente susceptible a las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), incluido el VIH.19 La violencia y la violación pueden exacerbar aun más el riesgo de adquirir el VIH porque causan abrasiones por fricción, así como sangrado y desgarres, sobre todo en muchachas jóvenes cuyos tractos genitales no han madurado por completo.20 A muchas niñas y mujeres jóvenes, especialmente las de muy corta edad, no les es posible rehusarse a tener relaciones sexuales no deseadas o a negociar el uso de medios que las protejan contra el embarazo y las ITS, incluido el VIH, en particular si temen enfrentarse a represalias. Pueden sufrir múltiples resultados físicos, sociales y emocionales adversos.1,2,21 En situaciones de fuerza o coerción, proveniente ya sea de extraños, conocidos, familiares, novios, hombres mayores que las mantienen o sus propios esposos, para las jóvenes es prácticamente imposible negociar el uso del condón.
Se necesitan urgentemente estrategias, políticas y programas eficaces a los niveles nacional, provincial y local a fin de proteger a las personas jóvenes, en especial a las niñas y las adolescentes, contra el abuso sexual o las relaciones sexuales coaccionadas y sus consecuencias, incluida la infección por VIH. 1,2,30-33 La promoción y defensa continuas, la inversión estratégica y un liderazgo dedicado son esenciales para abordar el triple riesgo que constituye la combinación de la violencia sexual, el VIH/sida y la adolescencia.
Agradecemos a Lucy Stackpool-Moore por la revisión de este texto. Traducción del inglés: Laura E. Asturias REFERENCIAS 1 Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Iqbal Shah and Shyam Thapa. 2005. Sex Without Consent: Young People in Developing Countries. New York and London: Zed Books. 2 Shireen J. Jejeebhoy and Sarah Bott. 2003. Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people: A review of evidence from developing countries. New Delhi: Population Council. http://www.popcouncil/pdfs/wp/seasia/seawp16.pdf . 3 UNICEF, UNAIDS and WHO. 2002. Young People and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in Crisis. New York: UNICEF. 4 Judith Bruce and Amy Joyce (eds.). 2006. The Girls Left Behind: The Failed Reach of Current Schooling, Child Health, Youth-serving and Livelihoods Programs for Girls Living in the Path of HIV. New York: The Population Council. 5 Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, WHO. 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