| Triple Danger Pour Les Jeunes Femmes: Adolescence, Violence Sexuelle, et VIH/SIDA |
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L’omniprésence des inégalités entre les sexes fait que les filles en particulier subissent de nombreuses violations de leurs droits et de leur santé sexuels et génésiques, y compris l’initiation sexuelle avant qu’elles n’y soient physiquement ou psychologiquement prêtes1,2. Les filles sujettes à une pauvreté extrême, au sein des populations marginalisées, démunies de tout soutien familial, ou dans les situations de conflit et de déplacement sont particulièrement vulnérables à la contrainte et à la violence sexuelle3-7. VIH/SIDA PARMI LES JEUNES La moitié des nouvelles infections à VIH enregistrées dans le monde frappent les femmes8. En 2007, les jeunes de 15 à 24 ans représentaient en outre quelque 40 % des nouvelles infections relevées dans les populations de 15 ans et plus9. À l’échelle mondiale, on compte 5,4 millions de jeunes hommes et femmes vivant avec le VIH ; près de 60 % de ces jeunes sont de sexe féminin10.
Enfants et adolescentes, les filles sont extrêmement vulnérables à la maltraitance et aux violences sexuelles dans leur foyer et leur quartier, de même qu’à l’école et dans la communauté en général1-7 . L’initiation sexuelle précoce est, en beaucoup d’endroits, fortement associée à la contrainte sexuelle.
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L’imposition de force physique ou de contrainte psychologique lors d’un acte sexuel augmente fortement le risque de transmission du VIH à la femme si l’homme est contaminé. L’appareil génital féminin est extrêmement vulnérable aux infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST), y compris le VIH19. La violence et le viol peuvent accroître davantage encore le risque en causant abrasions, saignements et déchirures, particulièrement chez les jeunes filles dont l’appareil génital est encore immature20. Les filles et les jeunes femmes, très jeunes surtout, peuvent rarement refuser les rapports sexuels non désirés ou négocier leur protection contre la grossesse et les IST, VIH compris, d’autant plus qu’elles redoutent souvent les représailles de leur partenaire. Elles risquent de nombreux préjudices physiques, sociaux et affectifs1,2,21. Dans les situations de force ou de contrainte, fût-ce aux mains d’un étranger, d’une connaissance, d’un parent, d’un petit ami, d’un « sugar daddy » ou d’un mari, il leur est virtuellement impossible de négocier l’usage du préservatif.
Des stratégies, politiques et programmes efficaces doivent être instaurés de toute urgence au niveau national, provincial et local si l’on veut protéger les jeunes, et tout particulièrement les filles et les jeunes femmes, contre la maltraitance sexuelle, les rapports forcés et leurs conséquences, y compris l’infection à VIH1,2,30-33 . Un plaidoyer continu, un investissement stratégique et un leadership engagé sont essentiels à la lutte contre la triple menace que représentent la violence sexuelle, le VIH/sida et l’adolescence.
Remerciements Nous tenons à remercier, pour la révision de cet article, Lucy Stackpool-Moore. Références 1 Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Iqbal Shah and Shyam Thapa. 2005. Sex Without Consent: Young People in Developing Countries. New York and London: Zed Books. 2 Shireen J. Jejeebhoy and Sarah Bott. 2003. Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people: A review of evidence from developing countries. New Delhi: Population Council. http://www.popcouncil/pdfs/wp/seasia/seawp16.pdf . 3 UNICEF, UNAIDS and WHO. 2002. Young People and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in Crisis. New York: UNICEF. 4 Judith Bruce and Amy Joyce (eds.). 2006. The Girls Left Behind: The Failed Reach of Current Schooling, Child Health, Youth-serving and Livelihoods Programs for Girls Living in the Path of HIV. New York: The Population Council. 5 Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, WHO. November 2004. “Sexual violence in conflict settings and the risk of HIV,” Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS: Critical Intersections. Information Bulletin Series, no. 2. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gender/en/infobulletinconflict.pdf 6 Global Coalition on Women and AIDS. 2005. “Violence against sex workers and HIV prevention.” Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS: Critical Intersections. Information Bulletin Series, no. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gender/documents/sexworkers.pdf 7 Global Health Council. 2007. Girls and HIV: A New Epidemic in the Women of Tomorrow? Thematic issue of Global AIDS Link, No. 101. Washington DC: Global Health Council. http://www.ungei.org/resources/files/globalhealthcouncil_Aidslink101.pdf. 8 UNAIDS. 2007. AIDS epidemic update December 2007. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, . http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/EpiUpdate/EpiUpdArchive/2007/default.asp 9 UNICEF. January 2007. Children and AIDS: A Stocktaking Report. New York: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_38048.html 10 WHO, Children and AIDS: Second stocktaking report Fast Facts. http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Stocktaking_FastFacts.pdf 11 “In Ethiopia, Malawi, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, for every 15- to 19-year-old boy who is infected, there are five to six girls infected in the same age group… In major urban areas of eastern and southern Africa, epidemiological studies have shown that 17 to 22 per cent of girls aged 15 to 19 are already HIV infected compared with 3 to 7 per cent of boys of similar age.” Taken from: UNICEF. July 2002. Young people and HIV/AIDS opportunity in crisis. http://www.unicef.org/newsline/HIV_10REV67.pdf 12 The Kaiser Family Foundation. November 2007. The global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Washington DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation. http://www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/3030-103.pdf. 13 UNICEF. The State of the World’s Children, 2008. Table 4, HIV/AIDS. New York: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/statistics/tables.php 14 UNAIDS. 2006. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2006. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, cited by Kaiser Family Foundation, “The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Africa,” January 2008. http://kff.org/hivaids/upload/7365_04.pdf 15 UNAIDS. 2006. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2006. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO. http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/Default.asp 16 World Health Organization. WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. Summary Report. Geneva: WHO http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/index.html 17 Julia C. Kim, Lorna J. Martin and Lynette Denny. “Rape and HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: addressing the dual epidemics in South Africa.” Reproductive Health Matters, no. 11(22) 2003:101-112. 18 Patrick Burton. 2005. Suffering at School: Results of the Malawi Gender-based Violence in Schools Survey. 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