| Tríplice risco: Adolscência Feminina, Violência Sexual e HIV/AIDS |
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>>Disponível também em espanhol, inglês, e francês ![]() Desigualdades de gênero predominantes significam que as moças enfrentam várias violações de sua saúde e direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, inclusive iniciação sexual antes de estarem física ou emocionalmente preparadas.1,2 Moças que vivem em extrema pobreza, entre população marginalizadas, sem apoio familiar ou em situações de conflito e deslocamento são particularmente vulneráveis a encontros sexuais forçados ou ao abuso.3-7 HIV/AIDS ENTRE OS JOVENS Metade das novas infecções por HIV no mundo são mulheres8 e em 2007 jovens de 15 a 24 anos de idade representavam 40% das novas infecções de HIV entre pessoas de 15 anos ou mais.9 Globalmente, há 5,4 milhões de jovens, tanto homens como mulheres, vivendo com o HIV e cerca de 60% deles são mulheres.10 Infelizmente, os dados publicados em 2007 pelo Programa Conjunto das Nações Unidas sobre HIV/AIDS não tratam especificamente de grupos etários de 15 a 19 anos de idade. Os dados de 2002 indicam taxas de infecção muito mais altas em moças do que em rapazes neste grupo etário nas áreas urbanas do Sul e Leste da África.11
As mulheres são altamente vulneráveis como crianças e adolescentes ao abuso e violência sexuais na própria casa, no bairro, na escola e na comunidade.1-7 Em muito lugares, a iniciação sexual precoce está fortemente associada com a coerção sexual.
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O uso da força física ou coerção emocional durante o ato sexual aumenta enormemente o risco da transmissão do HIV à mulher se o homem estiver infectado. O trato genital feminino é altamente suscetível a doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST), incluindo o HIV.19 A violência e o estupro podem aumentar ainda mais o risco do HIV causando escoriações, sangramento e lacerações, especialmente entre as jovens cujo trato genital ainda não está totalmente maduro.20 Muitas meninas e moças, especialmente as mais jovens, não podem recusar sexo indesejado ou negociar proteção contra gravidez e DST, incluindo HIV, especialmente quando temem retaliação. Podem sofrer múltiplas conseqüências adversas físicas, sociais e emocionais.1,2,21 Em situações de força ou coerção, seja causada por estranhos, conhecidos, membros da família, namorado, “protetor” ou marido, negociar o uso da camisinha é praticamente impossível.
Estratégias, políticas e programas eficazes são urgentemente necessários nos níveis nacional, estadual e local para proteger a juventude, especialmente as meninas e moças, contra abuso sexual ou sexo forçado e suas conseqüências, incluindo a infecção por HIV.1,2,30-33 A defesa contínua de direitos, o investimento estratégico e a liderança comprometida são essenciais para enfrentar o tríplice risco de violência sexual, HIV/AIDS e adolescência.
Agradecemos o trabalho de revisão de Lucy Stackpool-Moore. Referências 1 Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Iqbal Shah and Shyam Thapa. 2005. Sex Without Consent: Young People in Developing Countries. New York and London: Zed Books. 2 Shireen J. Jejeebhoy and Sarah Bott. 2003. Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people: A review of evidence from developing countries. New Delhi: Population Council. http://www.popcouncil/pdfs/wp/seasia/seawp16.pdf . 3 UNICEF, UNAIDS and WHO. 2002. Young People and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in Crisis. New York: UNICEF. 4 Judith Bruce and Amy Joyce (eds.). 2006. The Girls Left Behind: The Failed Reach of Current Schooling, Child Health, Youth-serving and Livelihoods Programs for Girls Living in the Path of HIV. New York: The Population Council. 5 Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, WHO. November 2004. “Sexual violence in conflict settings and the risk of HIV,” Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS: Critical Intersections. Information Bulletin Series, no. 2. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gender/en/infobulletinconflict.pdf 6 Global Coalition on Women and AIDS. 2005. “Violence against sex workers and HIV prevention.” Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS: Critical Intersections. Information Bulletin Series, no. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gender/documents/sexworkers.pdf 7 Global Health Council. 2007. Girls and HIV: A New Epidemic in the Women of Tomorrow? Thematic issue of Global AIDS Link, No. 101. Washington DC: Global Health Council. http://www.ungei.org/resources/files/globalhealthcouncil_Aidslink101.pdf. 8UNAIDS. 2007. AIDS epidemic update December 2007. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, . http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/EpiUpdate/EpiUpdArchive/2007/default.asp 9 UNICEF. January 2007. Children and AIDS: A Stocktaking Report. New York: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_38048.html 10 WHO, Children and AIDS: Second stocktaking report Fast Facts. http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/Stocktaking_FastFacts.pdf 11 “In Ethiopia, Malawi, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, for every 15- to 19-year-old boy who is infected, there are five to six girls infected in the same age group… In major urban areas of eastern and southern Africa, epidemiological studies have shown that 17 to 22 per cent of girls aged 15 to 19 are already HIV infected compared with 3 to 7 per cent of boys of similar age.” Taken from: UNICEF. July 2002. Young people and HIV/AIDS opportunity in crisis. http://www.unicef.org/newsline/HIV_10REV67.pdf 12 The Kaiser Family Foundation. November 2007. The global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Washington DC: The Kaiser Family Foundation. http://www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/3030-103.pdf. 13UNICEF. The State of the World’s Children, 2008. Table 4, HIV/AIDS. New York: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/statistics/tables.php 14 UNAIDS. 2006. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2006. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, cited by Kaiser Family Foundation, “The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Africa,” January 2008. http://kff.org/hivaids/upload/7365_04.pdf 15 UNAIDS. 2006. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2006. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO. http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/Default.asp 16 World Health Organization. WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. Summary Report. Geneva: WHO http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/index.html 17 Julia C. Kim, Lorna J. Martin and Lynette Denny. “Rape and HIV post-exposure prophylaxis: addressing the dual epidemics in South Africa.” Reproductive Health Matters, no. 11(22) 2003:101-112. 18 Patrick Burton. 2005. Suffering at School: Results of the Malawi Gender-based Violence in Schools Survey. Malawi: National Statistical Office. 19 World Health Organization. 2005. Sexually Transmitted and Other Reproductive Tract Infections: A Guide to Essential Practice. Geneva: WHO. 20 Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, WHO. 2004.“Intimate partner violence and HIV/AIDS.” Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS: Critical Intersections. Information Bulletin Series, no. 1. Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/gender/violence/en/vawinformationbrief.pdf 21 Population Council. “The adverse health and social outcomes of sexual coercion: Experiences of young women in developing countries.” Research Brief. New York: Population Council.http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/popsyn/PopulationSynthesis3.pdf. 22 Kristin L. Dunkle, Rachel K. Jewkes, Heather C. Brown et al. 2004. "Gender-based violence, relationship power and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa." Lancet 363(9419):1415-1421. 23 Shelley Clark, Judith Bruce, and Annie Dude. 2006. “Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: the case against child and adolescent marriage.” International Family Planning Perspectives 32(2):79-88. 24 Shelley Clark. 2004. “Early marriage and HIV risks in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Studies in Family Planning 35(3):149-160. 25 International Center for Research on Women. 2003. Cross Generational Sex Fueling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: ICRW. 26 Nicole Haberland, Erica L. Chong and Hillary J. Bracken. 2004. “A world apart: the disadvantage and social isolation of married adolescent girls.” Brief based on background paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents. New York: Population Council. 27 Claudia Garcia-Moreno and Charlotte Watts. 2000. “Violence against women: its importance for HIV/AIDS.” AIDS 14 (Suppl. 3):S 253-265. 28 UNAIDS, Global Coalition on Women and AIDS, Stop Violence Against Women, Fight AIDS, Issue 2 (2005). http://womenandaids.unaids.org/themes/docs/UNAIDS%20VAW%20Brief.pdf. 29 World Health Organization. 2004. Gender Dimensions of HIV Status Disclosure to Sexual Partners: Rates, Barriers and Outcomes. A Review Paper. Geneva: WHO. 30 WHO. 2003. Integrating Gender into HIV/AIDS Programmes. A Review Paper. Geneva: WHO. 31 Sarah Bott, Andrew Morrison and Mary Ellsberg. 2005. Preventing and Responding to Gender-based Violence in Middle- and Low-income Countries: A Global Review and Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3618. Washington, DC: World Bank. 32 David A. Ross, Bruce Dick and Jane Ferguson (eds.). 2006. Preventing HIV/AIDS in Young People: A Systematic Review of the Evidence from Developing Countries. UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People. Geneva: World Health Organization. 33 Judith Mirsky. 2003. Beyond Victims and Villains: Addressing Sexual Violence in the Education Sector. London: The Panos Institute. 34 Deborah Rogow and Nicole Haberland. 2005. “Sexuality and relationships education: toward a social studies approach.” Sex Education 5(4):333-344. 35 Fiona Leach. 2006. “Gender Violence in Schools: What’s New?” Brighton, United Kingdom: Centre for International Education, University of Sussex. 36 Karl L. Dehne and Gabriele Riedner. 2005. Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Adolescents: The Need for Adequate Health Services. Geneva: World Health Organization. 37 World Health Organization. 2005. Sexual and Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS: A Framework for Priority Linkages. Geneva: WHO, UNAIDS; London: IPPF; New York: UNFPA. 38 Rachel Goldberg. 2006. Living Up to their Name: Profamilia Takes on Gender-based Violence. Quality/Calidad/Qualité No. 18. New York: The Population Council. 39 World Health Organization. 2004. Clinical Management of Rape Survivors: Developing Protocols for Use with Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (revised ed.). Geneva: WHO. |

